The proximity effect is a phenomenon that occurs in microphones and audio recording when a sound source is very close to the microphone. It causes an increase in low-frequency response, which can lead to a bass boost, making the voice or instrument sound fuller and more robust.
This effect is particularly noticeable when using directional microphones, such as cardioid and hypercardioid mics. As the sound source approaches the microphone, the low frequencies are amplified more than high frequencies. This can enhance the presence of a vocal or instrument but can also lead to a boomy sound if not managed correctly.
When recording, it’s important to be aware of the proximity effect. If you’re aiming for a clearer sound without excessive bass buildup, you might need to adjust the distance between the microphone and the sound source. Alternatively, for some vocal styles, like radio or voiceover work, the proximity effect can be intentionally used to achieve a rich and close sound.