The Crusades were a series of religious and military campaigns beginning in the late 11th century and continuing into the 13th century. Traditionally, historians recognize a total of nine major Crusades. These include:
- The First Crusade (1096-1099): Initiated to capture Jerusalem, it was marked by significant victories for the Christian forces.
- The Second Crusade (1147-1149): Launched in response to the fall of the County of Edessa, it ended in failure.
- The Third Crusade (1189-1192): Known for notable leaders such as Richard the Lionheart, it aimed to retake Jerusalem but resulted in a negotiated settlement.
- The Fourth Crusade (1202-1204): Originally intended to conquer Muslim-controlled Jerusalem, it instead led to the sack of Constantinople.
- The Fifth Crusade (1217-1221): Focused on Egypt, it ultimately faltered due to poor planning and execution.
- The Sixth Crusade (1228-1229): Famous for its diplomatic efforts, it resulted in a brief period of Christian control over Jerusalem.
- The Seventh Crusade (1248-1254): Led by Louis IX of France, this crusade ended in defeat and capture of the king.
- The Eighth Crusade (1270): Also led by Louis IX, this campaign targeted Tunis but failed to achieve its objectives.
- The Ninth Crusade (1271-1272): Often considered an extension of the Eighth, it was led by Prince Edward of England and marked one of the last significant attempts to reclaim the Holy Land.
Beyond these, there were also several other minor crusades and military expeditions. However, the nine mentioned above are deemed the most notable and impactful in the history of the Crusades.