The molecules that store and process genetic information are primarily DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
DNA serves as the main repository of genetic information in most living organisms. It is structured as a double helix, which consists of two strands of nucleotides twisted around each other. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base. The sequence of these nitrogenous bases encodes the genetic instructions necessary for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.
RNA plays a crucial role in translating the genetic information stored in DNA into proteins, which are essential for a myriad of cellular functions. There are various types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), each serving distinct functions in the process of protein synthesis.
In summary, DNA acts as the long-term storage of genetic information, while RNA is vital for processing this information and facilitating the production of proteins, effectively bridging the gap between genetic code and biological function.