Plant cells contain large vacuoles for several important reasons, which differ significantly from the needs of animal cells. The primary function of the vacuole in a plant cell is to store water, nutrients, and waste products. These vacuoles can make up to 90% of the cell’s volume, allowing the plant to maintain turgor pressure, which is crucial for maintaining its structure and rigidity.
When a plant cell is filled with water, the large vacuole swells, pressing against the cell wall and keeping the plant upright. This turgidity is vital for plants, which do not have a skeletal system to support them like animals do. Additionally, large vacuoles in plant cells store substances necessary for growth, such as sugars and pigments, as well as toxic compounds that deter herbivores.
In contrast, animal cells typically have smaller vacuoles or vesicles because they do not need the same structural support. Animals rely on a skeletal system to provide shape and support. The smaller vacuoles in animal cells are involved in transport and storage of substances but don’t require the same volume as in plants. Therefore, the size and function of vacuoles reflect the distinct needs of plant and animal cells in their respective environments.