The tensions between Serbia and Austria-Hungary were rooted in a mix of nationalism, territorial disputes, and political aspirations. Serbia, a Slavic nation, sought to expand its influence and territory in the Balkans, particularly among the South Slavic peoples who were under the control of Austria-Hungary.
One of the key events that heightened Serbia’s frustrations was the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary in 1908. This move angered the Serbian government, as many Serbians viewed Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of their natural sphere of influence and a territory with a significant Slavic population. The annexation was perceived not just as a territorial loss but as a direct challenge to Serbian nationalism.
Moreover, the rise of nationalist sentiments within Serbia fueled desires for a greater Slavic state and opposition to Austro-Hungarian dominance. Serbia’s ambitions and Austria-Hungary’s imperial policies clashed violently, creating an environment ripe for confrontation. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914 by a Bosnian Serb nationalist further exacerbated the situation, leading Austria-Hungary to issue an ultimatum to Serbia. The resulting conflict eventually contributed to the outbreak of World War I.