Philip II of Spain is considered an absolute monarch due to his centralized control over the Spanish Empire. He ruled with a firm hand, making all major decisions himself and reducing the power of the nobility and local governments. His reign was marked by a strong emphasis on Catholicism, and he used the Inquisition to maintain religious and political control.
Philip II’s absolute rule was also evident in his foreign policy. He pursued aggressive expansionist policies, including the colonization of the Americas and the Philippines. His decision-making was often unilateral, and he relied heavily on a bureaucracy that was loyal to him personally rather than to any institution.
Furthermore, Philip II’s control over the military and his ability to wage wars, such as the conflict with the Ottoman Empire and the Dutch Revolt, showcased his absolute authority. He financed these wars through heavy taxation and the wealth from the New World, further consolidating his power.
In summary, Philip II’s centralized decision-making, control over religious and political institutions, aggressive foreign policies, and reliance on a loyal bureaucracy all contributed to his reputation as an absolute monarch.