The main enemy of the Mongol Empire was the Persian Empire, alongside various other regional powers that posed significant challenges throughout its expansion.
During the 13th century, when Genghis Khan and his successors sought to consolidate power and expand their territories, they faced resistance from established kingdoms and empires. The Persian Empire, which was significant in size and power at the time, was put to a severe test by the Mongol invasions. Genghis Khan initiated this confrontation in 1219, targeting the Khwarezmian state, which was part of the Persian Empire.
The conflict escalated due to trade disputes and the execution of Mongol ambassadors by the Khwarezmian ruler, Shah Muhammad II. This event not only ignited Genghis Khan’s wrath but also led to one of the most destructive campaigns in history where cities were razed, and countless lives were lost.
In addition to the Persian Empire, the Mongols also contended with various other foes, including the Jin Dynasty in northern China and the Russian principalities. However, the systematic and brutal manner in which the Mongols dealt with the Persian states marked them as the primary adversary during the height of the Mongol Empire’s expansion.