The correct answer is e) vaporization.
Vaporization refers to the process where a substance transitions from its liquid state to a gas. This can occur in two ways: evaporation and boiling. During evaporation, molecules at the surface of the liquid gain enough energy to break free into the gas phase, while boiling involves the formation of vapor bubbles within the liquid itself when it reaches a certain temperature. Understanding vaporization is crucial in many scientific fields, as it plays a significant role in processes such as weather patterns and the water cycle.