The world population during the Middle Ages varied significantly, but it is estimated to have been between 200 million to 400 million people. This period, which roughly spans from the 5th to the late 15th century, saw several demographic changes due to factors like agriculture, trade, disease, and warfare.
In the early Middle Ages, around 500 AD, the population was likely at its lowest after the fall of the Roman Empire, estimated at around 200 million. As conditions improved, particularly during the High Middle Ages (around 1000-1300 AD), the population began to rise, reaching estimates of over 400 million by the 14th century. However, this upward trend was disrupted by events like the Black Death in the 14th century, which drastically reduced the population by about one-third in some areas.
Overall, the Middle Ages were marked by significant fluctuations in population due to these various factors, which shaped demographic patterns across Europe, Asia, and beyond.