The organisms that break down and obtain energy from dead organic matter are known as decomposers. These include various fungi, bacteria, and certain invertebrates, such as earthworms.
Decomposers play a crucial role in the ecosystem by recycling nutrients back into the soil, which can then be used by plants to grow. When organisms die, their bodies are broken down by decomposers through a process called decomposition. This process involves the breakdown of complex organic materials into simpler substances, releasing essential nutrients in the process.
Fungi, for instance, secrete enzymes that help to break down tough materials like cellulose and lignin found in plants, while bacteria can decompose a wide range of organic matter, including proteins and fats. Invertebrates, like earthworms, contribute by physically breaking down organic matter and enhancing soil structure, which further aids in the decomposition process.