The structure that prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing is called the epiglottis. The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage located at the base of the tongue. During swallowing, the epiglottis folds down over the glottis, which is the opening of the larynx (voice box), effectively sealing off the airway.
This mechanism is crucial because it ensures that food and liquids are directed into the esophagus rather than the trachea, which leads to the lungs. If food were to enter the airway, it could cause choking or aspiration, potentially leading to serious respiratory issues. The coordinated action of muscles in the throat and the movement of the epiglottis work together seamlessly to protect the airway while allowing us to eat and drink safely.