What is the term used to describe the ways of thinking, acting, and understanding work shared by members of an organization, reflecting its distinct identity?

The correct answer is a) organizational culture.

Organizational culture refers to the collective values, beliefs, and principles of the individuals within an organization. It shapes how employees interact with one another and approach their work, ultimately influencing the overall work environment and organizational identity. A strong organizational culture fosters a sense of belonging and guides employees in their decision-making processes. Contrary to options b) organizational hierarchy and c) organizational rituals, which pertain to structural and ceremonial aspects of an organization, organizational culture encompasses the deeper underlying attitudes and behaviors that characterize an organization.