Groundwater is a crucial part of the water cycle. It refers to the water that is found beneath the Earth’s surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. This water originates from precipitation, such as rain and snow, which seeps into the ground and fills the spaces between soil particles and rocks.
Groundwater plays a vital role in maintaining the balance of the water cycle. It feeds rivers, lakes, and wetlands during dry periods, ensuring a continuous flow of water. Additionally, groundwater is a significant source of drinking water for many communities around the world.
The process of groundwater recharge is essential. When precipitation falls, some of it evaporates, some runs off into rivers and streams, and the rest infiltrates the ground. This infiltrated water moves downward through the soil and rock layers until it reaches the water table, which is the upper surface of the saturated zone. Below this level, all the spaces in the soil and rock are filled with water, forming an aquifer.
Groundwater can be extracted through wells and springs, providing a reliable water source for agriculture, industry, and households. However, it is important to manage groundwater resources sustainably to prevent over-extraction and contamination, which can lead to long-term environmental and economic consequences.