Umbrella species and keystone species are two important concepts in ecology that highlight the interconnectedness of species within an ecosystem.
Umbrella species are species whose conservation helps to protect a large number of other species that share the same habitat. By focusing conservation efforts on these species, we can indirectly preserve the broader environment and the myriad of organisms that depend on it. For example, the preservation of a large mammal like the grizzly bear can help ensure that the entire ecosystem, including smaller species and plants, is maintained. This is because protecting the habitat needed for grizzly bears often means preserving vast areas of forest and meadow that support many other life forms.
On the other hand, keystone species are organisms that have an outsized impact on their environment relative to their abundance. The presence or absence of a keystone species can drastically alter the structure and function of an ecosystem. A classic example is the sea otter, which preys on sea urchins. In areas where sea otters are abundant, they keep the sea urchin population in check, allowing kelp forests to thrive. If sea otters decline, the unchecked sea urchin population can decimate kelp forests, leading to a dramatically altered marine ecosystem.
In summary, while umbrella species are valuable for their role in conservation to protect other species, keystone species are critical for maintaining the balance of their ecosystems. Understanding these concepts helps in effective biodiversity conservation strategies.