The Greek city-states, or polises, shared several common features despite their political independence and diverse cultures. Firstly, they all spoke the Greek language, which was a unifying factor that facilitated communication and cultural exchange among them.
Secondly, each city-state had its own form of government, ranging from democracies to oligarchies, yet there was a common value placed on civic participation and public debate, especially prominent in Athens.
Religion also played a crucial role, as all city-states worshipped the same pantheon of gods and participated in shared religious festivals, such as the Olympic Games, which further strengthened their cultural ties.
Moreover, the concept of ‘xenia’ or hospitality was vital. City-states often engaged in trade and alliances, reinforcing the idea that while they were independent, they could rely on one another for help and resources.
Collectively, these shared characteristics fostered a sense of Greek identity, despite the differences between each city-state. This shared identity was especially significant during times of external threats, such as the Persian Wars, when many of the city-states came together to defend their common heritage.