Californium, a rare and radioactive element, is primarily produced in a few specialized facilities around the world. The countries capable of producing californium include the United States, primarily through the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Additionally, Russia has also been known to produce californium, particularly for use in scientific research and applications in nuclear technology.
In the United States, californium is synthesized through the bombardment of curium-244 with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. This method allows for the creation of californium-252, one of its isotopes that has significant uses in various fields, including medicine and nuclear science. The production of californium is costly and requires advanced technology, which is why its manufacturing is limited to a few select facilities.
Furthermore, other countries may have the capability to produce californium under specific research arrangements or through collaboration with the leading production nations. However, the actual production outside of the United States and Russia remains minimal at best due to the complexities and high costs involved.