Mitosis is a crucial process that ensures equal distribution of genetic material to daughter cells. It consists of four distinct stages, which occur in this specific order:
- Prophase: During prophase, the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, each consisting of two sister chromatids. The nuclear envelope begins to break down, and the mitotic spindle starts to form as the centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell.
- Metaphase: In metaphase, the chromosomes align along the equatorial plane of the cell, forming what is known as the metaphase plate. The spindle fibers connect to the centromeres of the chromosomes, ensuring that each sister chromatid will be pulled apart during the next stage.
- Anaphase: Anaphase is characterized by the separation of sister chromatids as the spindle fibers shorten, pulling them toward opposite poles of the cell. This movement ensures that each daughter cell will receive an identical set of chromosomes.
- Telophase: During telophase, the separated chromatids reach the poles, and the chromosomes begin to decondense back into chromatin. The nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes, completing the formation of two distinct nuclei in the cell.
After telophase, cytokinesis occurs, which is the final step that divides the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate daughter cells, each with an identical set of chromosomes. Understanding these stages is crucial for comprehending how cells reproduce and maintain genetic consistency.