True bacteria, also known as prokaryotes, possess distinct characteristics that differentiate them from other forms of life. Here are some of the key traits:
- Cell Structure: True bacteria have a simple cell structure. Their cells do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Instead, their genetic material is contained in a single circular strand of DNA located in a region called the nucleoid.
- Size: Bacterial cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells, typically ranging from 0.5 to 5 micrometers in diameter.
- Cell Wall: Most true bacteria possess a rigid cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, which provides structural support and protection. This characteristic is crucial for maintaining their shape and integrity.
- Reproduction: True bacteria reproduce asexually through a process called binary fission, where a single bacterium divides into two identical daughter cells.
- Metabolism: Bacteria exhibit diverse metabolic pathways. They can be anaerobic or aerobic, and some are capable of photosynthesis, while others obtain energy by breaking down organic compounds.
- Genetic Variation: True bacteria can exchange genetic material through processes such as conjugation, transformation, and transduction, allowing them to adapt and evolve rapidly.
- Movement: Many true bacteria are motile and possess flagella, which are tail-like structures that allow them to move in their environment.
These characteristics make true bacteria incredibly versatile organisms capable of thriving in various environments, from soil and water to the human body.