The two mountain ranges that separate Europe and Asia are the Ural Mountains and the Caucasus Mountains.
Ural Mountains: The Ural Mountains stretch approximately 2,500 kilometers from the Arctic Ocean to the Ural River and the northwestern part of Kazakhstan. They are considered the natural boundary between Europe and Asia. The Urals are rich in minerals and have been a significant source of industrial resources for Russia.
Caucasus Mountains: The Caucasus Mountains are located between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. This range includes the Greater Caucasus, which forms the border between Russia and Georgia, and the Lesser Caucasus, which extends further south. The highest peak in Europe, Mount Elbrus, is located in the Caucasus Mountains.
These mountain ranges have not only served as geographical boundaries but also as cultural and political divides between the two continents.