Sparta was not a monarchy in the traditional sense, but it did have elements of a dual monarchy. The city-state was governed by two hereditary kings from two separate royal families, the Agiads and the Eurypontids. These kings ruled simultaneously and shared power, which was quite unique compared to other Greek city-states that typically had a single ruler.
The dual monarchy meant that while the kings had significant military and religious authority, their powers were balanced by other governing bodies, such as the Council of Elders (Gerousia) and the Assembly of Citizens (Apella). The Gerousia, composed of elders, and the Assembly, made up of Spartan males, played crucial roles in decision-making and limited the kings’ authority.
Additionally, during times of war, one king would often lead the military, while the other would remain in Sparta, ensuring that leadership was effective. This system reflected a blend of monarchy and oligarchy, setting Sparta apart from many other Greek city-states.