Vascular plants, also known as tracheophytes, can be divided into four major subdivisions. These are:
- Lycophytes: This group includes the clubmosses and their relatives, characterized by small leaves called microphylls and a unique reproductive structure known as a strobilus.
- Pterophytes: Commonly referred to as ferns, this subdivision is known for its large, feathery leaves (fronds) and the production of spores for reproduction. They thrive in moist environments.
- Gymnosperms: This group includes conifers and other seed-producing plants that do not form flowers. Gymnosperms have seeds that are exposed or borne in cones.
- Angiosperms: Also known as flowering plants, angiosperms produce seeds enclosed within a fruit. They are the most diverse group of vascular plants, ranging from grasses to large hardwood trees.
These subdivisions highlight the diversity and evolutionary adaptations of vascular plants in various environments.