The molecules that are responsible for storing and processing genetic information are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
DNA is the primary molecule that contains the genetic blueprint for all living organisms. Its structure, consisting of two intertwined strands forming a double helix, allows it to store vast amounts of information in the sequence of its nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine). This sequence determines the synthesis of proteins, which play critical roles in cellular functions.
On the other hand, RNA plays a crucial role in the processing of this genetic information. It is derived from DNA and serves mainly as a messenger between DNA and the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. There are different types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), each fulfilling specific functions in the translation of genetic information into functional proteins.
In summary, DNA is the molecule that stores genetic information, while RNA is essential for translating and processing that information to produce proteins necessary for life.