Absorptive heterotrophs are organisms that obtain their nutrients by absorbing organic compounds from their environment. Unlike autotrophs, which can produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, absorptive heterotrophs rely on pre-formed organic matter. This process is particularly common in fungi and certain types of bacteria.
These organisms secrete enzymes into their surroundings that break down complex organic material into simpler molecules. Once these substances are decomposed into manageable sizes, they can be absorbed through the cell membrane of the organism. For instance, fungi release enzymes that digest cellulose and lignin in wood, allowing them to absorb the resulting sugars and other nutrients directly from their environment.
This feeding strategy allows absorptive heterotrophs to thrive in various ecosystems, playing a crucial role in recycling nutrients and breaking down organic material, which in turn supports the broader food web.