The superior orbital fissure is a narrow, elongated opening located in the posterior part of the orbit, which is the bony cavity in the skull that houses the eye. This fissure plays a crucial role in the anatomy of the eye and surrounding structures.
It is situated between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone. Several important cranial nerves and blood vessels pass through the superior orbital fissure, including the oculomotor nerve (CN III), the trochlear nerve (CN IV), the abducens nerve (CN VI), and the ophthalmic nerve (a division of the trigeminal nerve, CN V). These nerves are essential for eye movement and vision.
Additionally, this fissure allows for the passage of the superior ophthalmic vein, which drains blood from the orbit. Given its role in the transmission of important nerves and veins, any pathology or injury affecting the superior orbital fissure can lead to significant ocular and neurological issues, making it a vital area of study in both anatomy and clinical medicine.