The Maya civilization, known for its remarkable achievements in art, culture, and science, had numerous adversaries that challenged their dominance in Mesoamerica.
Among the most prominent enemies of the Mayans were the Aztecs and the Toltecs. The Aztecs, who rose to power after the decline of the Mayans, engaged in military conflicts and territorial disputes with various city-states in the Maya region. The Toltecs also posed a threat, particularly during the peak of their influence.
In addition to these larger civilizations, the Mayans faced rivalry and conflict from other nearby groups, such as the Pipil and the Totonac, which led to constant warfare and shifting alliances. This dynamic created a complex political landscape, characterized by both conflict and cooperation among various city-states.
The impact of these conflicts led to significant changes over time, contributing to the eventual decline of the Maya civilization as they struggled against external pressures and internal divisions.