DNA and RNA are referred to as nucleic acids. These macromolecules play essential roles in the storage and transmission of genetic information.
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, contains the instructions necessary for an organism’s development, functioning, and reproduction. It is structured as a double helix, made up of nucleotide units, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The sequence of these bases encodes the genetic information.
RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is involved in protein synthesis and regulation of gene expression. Unlike DNA, RNA is usually single-stranded and contains ribose as its sugar, with uracil replacing thymine. RNA helps to convey the genetic code from DNA to the cellular machinery that produces proteins.
Overall, nucleic acids are vital to all forms of life, as they carry and translate the genetic information necessary for biological functions.