Scientists primarily use a technology known as sonar, which stands for Sound Navigation and Ranging, to map the ocean floor. This method involves emitting sound waves from a ship or a submersible and measuring the time it takes for the waves to bounce back after hitting the seabed.
There are two main types of sonar used in ocean floor mapping: single-beam sonar and multi-beam sonar. Single-beam sonar sends out a single sound pulse downwards and records the depth at a single point directly beneath the vessel. Multi-beam sonar, on the other hand, emits multiple sound waves at once, allowing for the collection of depth data over a wider area. This technology provides much more detailed and accurate maps of underwater features.
In addition to sonar, scientists also use satellite altimetry and underwater robots equipped with cameras and sensors to gather more information about the ocean’s surface and subsurface structures. These tools help to create comprehensive maps of the seafloor, aiding in research about marine ecosystems, underwater geology, and potential resources.