Throughout history, the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires have experienced varying degrees of religious tolerance. However, some rulers were notably less tolerant than others.
In the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Selim I (1512-1520) is often cited as a ruler who was particularly intolerant, especially towards the Shiite sect of Islam. His reign marked a shift towards more aggressive policies against Shiites, leading to persecution and conflicts.
Similarly, in the Safavid Empire, Shah Abbas I (1588-1629) is known for implementing a strict interpretation of Shia Islam and actively persecuting Sunni Muslims, as well as other sects. His policies instigated significant sectarian violence, particularly against Sunni communities.
Within the Mughal Empire, Emperor Aurangzeb (1658-1707) is infamous for his lack of religious tolerance. He reversed the more liberal policies of his predecessor, Akbar, and reinstated the jizya tax on non-Muslims while destroying Hindu temples and promoting Islamic orthodoxy. His actions significantly strained relationships between Hindu and Muslim populations in India.
In summary, rulers like Selim I, Shah Abbas I, and Aurangzeb displayed less religious tolerance, and their policies had lasting impacts on the religious landscapes of their respective empires.