Transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, where the DNA is located. During transcription, the information in a gene is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA then exits the nucleus through the nuclear pores to enter the cytoplasm.
On the other hand, translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where the ribosomes are found. The ribosomes read the sequence of the mRNA and synthesize proteins by linking the appropriate amino acids together. In prokaryotic cells, both transcription and translation occur in the cytoplasm since they lack a defined nucleus.
In summary, transcription takes place in the nucleus, and translation occurs in the cytoplasm, highlighting the cellular compartmentalization of these vital processes.