Ethnocentrism refers to the belief that one’s own culture or ethnic group is superior to others and the tendency to evaluate other cultures based on the standards of one’s own. In the context of the examples given:
A) A manager in India looks down upon his subordinates because they are from a lower caste compared to him. This reflects ethnocentrism because the manager is judging others based on a social hierarchy inherent in his cultural context.
B) An upper middle class woman talks rudely to a salesperson because she looks down upon them. While this scenario displays a lack of respect and could indicate classism, it does not necessarily reflect an ethnocentric attitude unless it specifically relates to cultural or ethnic superiority.
Thus, the correct answer is A, as it directly showcases ethnocentrism through the lens of caste distinctions within Indian society.