The correct answer is c) analogous structures.
Analogous structures are body parts that perform a similar function in different species but do not share a common evolutionary origin. A classic example of this is the wings of butterflies and the wings of birds. Both structures serve the same function of flight, but their evolutionary paths are distinct, thus they do not share a common ancestor.
On the other hand, homologous structures (option a) are those that arise from a common ancestry although they may serve different functions. For instance, the forelimbs of mammals, birds, and reptiles have different functions but share a similar bone structure because they evolved from a common ancestor.
Options b) parallel structures, d) divergent structures, and e) cladistic structures are not terms commonly used in this context to describe functional similarities without shared ancestry.