1. Neurotoxins
Neurotoxins are substances that can damage the nervous system. They interfere with the transmission of nerve signals, leading to symptoms such as muscle weakness, paralysis, and even death. Examples include botulinum toxin, produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, and tetrodotoxin, found in pufferfish.
2. Cytotoxins
Cytotoxins are toxins that destroy cells. They can cause tissue damage and organ failure. An example is ricin, a potent cytotoxin derived from the seeds of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis).
3. Hemotoxins
Hemotoxins target red blood cells and can cause blood clotting or bleeding. They are often found in snake venom. An example is the venom of the Russell’s viper, which can lead to severe bleeding and tissue damage.
4. Endotoxins
Endotoxins are part of the outer membrane of certain bacteria and are released when the bacteria die. They can cause fever, septic shock, and other systemic effects. An example is lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli.
5. Exotoxins
Exotoxins are secreted by bacteria and can affect specific tissues or organs. They can cause diseases such as tetanus and diphtheria. An example is the toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria.