Among the processes listed, the ones that directly require ATP are:
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis: This process involves the uptake of specific molecules by the cell through the binding of ligands to receptors on the cell surface. The formation of vesicles requires energy in the form of ATP.
- Primary active transport: This process involves the direct use of ATP to transport molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient. The energy from ATP hydrolysis is used to change the conformation of the transport protein, allowing it to pump molecules across the membrane.
Facilitated diffusion and secondary active transport do not directly require ATP. Facilitated diffusion relies on concentration gradients and does not need energy input, while secondary active transport uses the energy stored in the electrochemical gradient of one molecule to transport another molecule against its gradient.