When Jesus was born, the Roman Empire was ruled by Augustus, also known as Octavian. He was the first Roman Emperor and ruled from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. Augustus established the principate, the form of government under which Rome was ruled by emperors for the next several centuries.
During his reign, Augustus brought peace and stability to the Roman Empire after years of civil war. This period of relative peace is known as the Pax Romana (Roman Peace). It was a time of prosperity and expansion for the Roman Empire, and it laid the foundation for the spread of Christianity in the centuries that followed.
Jesus was born in Bethlehem during the reign of Augustus, as mentioned in the New Testament of the Bible. The exact year of Jesus’ birth is not known with certainty, but it is generally believed to be around 4 BC to 6 BC.